ADVANCING FEMALE FERTILITY AND LIVESTOCK GENETICS THROUGH MOLECULAR MARKERS

Abstract

Genetic markers, which are genes or DNA sequences with known positions on chromosomes, are invaluable tools in modern animal breeding. These markers, detectable through various molecular techniques, provide precise genetic information, enabling better management of animal genetic resources. The advancements in molecular genetics have led to the development of numerous types of molecular markers, each with distinct strengths and weaknesses. Among the most significant markers are Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) and Microsatellite markers, among others. These markers are widely utilized in genome mapping, gene tagging, genetic diversity assessment, phylogenetic analysis, and forensic investigations. Fertility, a critical aspect of animal production, particularly in dairy farms, can be significantly impacted by these genetic markers. Heritability estimates, which quantify the proportion of additive genetic variation, are crucial in selecting superior animals within breeds, thus improving reproductive efficiency. Female fertility, influenced by complex biological processes, is regulated by various molecular markers that control ovarian function, folliculogenesis, oogenesis, ovulation, puberty, the estrous cycle, pregnancy, prenatal mortality, parturition and the postpartum period. The careful selection and application of these markers in well-designed studies can expedite the identification of genes involved in quantitative trait loci (QTL), enhancing marker-assisted selection and improving overall animal genetics.Molecular markers are essential for understanding and improving female fertility by regulating critical reproductive processes such as ovarian function, oogenesis and embryogenesis. Integrating these markers with reproductive biotechnologies can accelerate genetic improvements, enhancing reproductive traits and overall productivity in livestock. As research advances, the strategic use of molecular markers will play a crucial role in sustainable livestock breeding and genetic health.